| Von Taysen, A: Multinational Enterprises and Environmental S |
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Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: ¿Globalisation¿ has been narrowly defined as ¿the free movement of capital and the increasing domination of national economies by global financial markets and multinational corporations¿. The resulting imbalance in the relation of global markets on the one hand, and national regulation of socio-economic systems on the other, poses problems in all fields, not least in the protection of the environment. The activities of the oil company Shell in Nigeria and in the Brent Spar case were put in the international spotlight as high-profile examples for the environmentally damaging activities of multinational corporations. These cases not only showed the complexity of structures of responsibility in these enterprises, but also the impact of ¿naming and shaming¿ campaigns by non-governmental organizations. An enterprise becomes multinational if it realizes foreign direct investment (FDI), which occurs when residents of one country acquire control over a business enterprise in another country (by contrast to long-term portfolio investment ¿ without the control effect ¿ and short-term capital flows). FDI itself is ¿(1) ¿ investment ¿ made outside the home country of the investing company, but inside the investing company. Control over the use of the resources transferred remains with the investor. (2) It consists of a ¿package¿ of assets and intermediate products, such as capital, technology, management skills, access to markets and entrepreneurship¿ In 1996, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the UN body occupied with, inter alia, investment issues, counted approximately 38,700 major companies with control over 265,000 affiliates abroad. Headquarters of multinational enterprises (MNEs) are seated in fifty-nine countries (8% in the United States, 11% in developing countries). The 100 biggest MNEs, however, are all seated in 13 developed countries, which are organized in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). While environmental regulation has been a constant topic in national economies, its internationalization began 30 years ago at the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. On the international political level, the situation is dominated by an argument between the rich ¿north¿, driven by the goal of prosperity and a strong sensitiveness for environmental issues, and the poor ¿south¿ claiming a right to economic development without the burden of high environmental [...]
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